Successional mosquito dynamics in surrogate treehole and ground‐container habitats in the northeastern United States: Where does Aedes albopictus fit in?

This study assessed the risk of larval displacement of the eastern treehole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus, and the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens, by Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, during the establishment and successional stages of novel larval mosquito treehole and ground‐container habitats in the state of New Jersey, U.S.A. Culex pipiens and Culex restuans were the first mosquito species to colonize ground‐container habitats and were the dominant larval species throughout the study period, whereas Ae. albopictus was late to colonize ground habitats and accounted for less than 15% of weekly larval collections once established. Ae. albopictus had a much stronger community presence within treehole ovitraps; however, Ae. albopictus never reached the average larval densities of the expected primary colonizer, Ae. triseriatus. Throughout the study period, the weekly abundances of Ae. triseriatus and Ae. albopictus were positively correlated and there were no significant differences between the abundances of each species. The larval dominance of Ae. triseriatus appears to be enhanced by the presence of Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, a large predatory mosquito species. When Tx. rut. septentrionalis was present, mature larvae (3^rd–4^th instar) of Ae. albopictus were also present in only 16.7% of collections, whereas mature larvae of Ae. triseriatus were collected concurrently with Tx. rut. septentrionalis in 53.8% of collections. These data suggest that Ae. triseriatus is at a greater risk of displacement by Ae. albopictus than are Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans.     

不同基质对北草蜥和中国石龙子运动表现的影响

动物在野外生境中的活动能力通常会受到许多方面(例如,运动基质表面粗糙程度、遭遇障碍物的大小与形状)的影响。在特定体温(30 ℃)条件下,测量主要分布区重叠的两蜥蜴种类(北草蜥和中国石龙子)在四种不同基质表面(塑料草坪;表面粗糙不透底的塑料地毯;光滑具透底网格的塑料地毯和表面光滑的塑料地毯)的运动表现,以及两者的攀附能力和最大游泳耐力。基质类型显著影响两种蜥蜴的运动表现。两种蜥蜴在粗糙表面运动时的疾跑速明显大于光滑表面(例如,塑料草坪上北草蜥为15.7 SVL/s,中国石龙子为8.1 SVL/s;光滑塑料地毯上则分别为11.4 SVL/s和3.5 SVL/s)。中国石龙子在光滑塑料地毯上具有最大的持续运动距离(10.6 SVL)和最少的停顿次数(1.9次)。北草蜥在光滑塑料地毯上具有最多的停顿次数(4.6次)。两种蜥蜴运动能力的种间差异显著。北草蜥具有较大的相对疾跑速度(北草蜥和中国石龙子:13.5 SVL/s vs 5.8 SVL/s)和攀附能力(143.8 ° vs 101.2 °),但较小的游泳耐力(83.5 s vs 238.5 s)。运动速度与耐力之间存在种间权衡关系而与攀爬能力无进化冲突的结论。     

Hibernacula microclimate and declines in overwintering bats during an outbreak of white‐nose syndrome near the northern range limit of infection in North America

We document white‐nose syndrome (WNS), a lethal disease of bats caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), and hibernacula microclimate in New Brunswick, Canada. Our study area represents a more northern region than is common for hibernacula microclimate investigations, providing insight as to how WNS may impact bats at higher latitudes. To determine the impact of the March 2011 arrival of Pd in New Brunswick and the role of hibernacula microclimate on overwintering bat mortality, we surveyed bat numbers at hibernacula twice a year from 2009 to 2015. We also collected data from iButton temperature loggers deployed at all sites and data from HOBO temperature and humidity loggers at three sites. Bat species found in New Brunswick hibernacula include Myotis lucifugus (Little Brown Bat) and M. septentrionalis (Northern Long‐eared Bat), with small numbers of Perimyotis subflavus (Tricolored Bat). All known hibernacula in the province were Pd‐positive with WNS‐positive bats by winter 2013. A 99% decrease in the overwintering bat population in New Brunswick was observed between 2011 and 2015. We did not observe P. subflavus during surveys 2013–2015 and the species appears to be extirpated from these sites. Bats did not appear to choose hibernacula based on winter temperatures, but dark zone (zone where no light penetrates) winter temperatures did not differ among our study sites. Winter dark zone temperatures were warmer and less variable than entrance or above ground temperatures. We observed visible Pd growth on hibernating bats in New Brunswick during early winter surveys (November), even though hibernacula temperatures were colder than optimum for in vitro Pd growth. This suggests that cold hibernacula temperatures encountered near the apparent northern range limit for Pd do not sufficiently slow fungal growth to prevent the onset of WNS and associated bat mortality over the winter.     

北草蜥主要贮能部位水分含量和能值的变化

研究了安徽滁州北草蜥（Takydromus septentrionalis）成体在2000年3～9月份主要贮能部位水分含量和能值的变化：①躯干,肝脏水分含量两种差异显著,尾部水分含量两性差异不显著;躯干、尾、肝脏水分含量月间差异显著。②雄性成体的躯干、脱指躯干、尾和脱脂尾能值显著高于雌性成体,肝脏能值显著低于雌性成体;躯干、尾、肝脏、腹脂肪体能值月间差异显著。结果分析表明,北草蜥躯干、尾、肝脏及腹脂肪体能值的季节变化与繁殖和冬眠密切相关。     

白条草蜥消化道嗜银细胞的分布和形态学观察

应用Grimelius银染法对白条草蜥消化道嗜银细胞进行了染色和切片观察.结果 表明:在白条草蜥的消化道中嗜银细胞分布广泛,见于其全长.其嗜银细胞形态多样,主要有锥体形、椭圆形等;其嗜银细胞分布密度于胃幽门最高,胃体次之,十二指肠最低.其消化道嗜银细胞分布型的形成与生活环境和取食方式等有关;根据其形态,嗜银细胞具有内、外分泌两种功能.     

单性木兰花部综合特征及其传粉适应性

对单性木兰花部综合特征和访花昆虫种类及访花行为进行了研究,结果表明,单性木兰花冠顶端呈半合拢状,花被片之间存在间隙,只有那些能够穿过这些间隙的昆虫才能到达花内为其采粉和授粉,对访花者的要求较为苛刻。于降雨前去掉雄花和雌花花被片,使雄花雄蕊群和雌花柱头充分暴露,另外选择雄花和雌花作对照,降雨后将花取回并测定雄花花粉生活力和雌花柱头上的花粉粒。结果表明,在雨天,单性木兰花冠顶端呈半合拢状的开放方式对雄花和雌花均起到了保护作用,这种花部结构的特化是对花期持续降雨的一种生态适应。从访花昆虫种类上看,单性木兰雄花的昆虫种类是雌花的两倍,显然雄花比雌花更能吸引昆虫。     

珍稀濒危植物单性木兰传粉生态学研究

野外定位观测了单性木兰的花期物候、访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花行为和同花期植物种类,并对其花粉散播距离和繁育系统进行了检测,旨在探讨制约单性木兰传粉过程的某些因素,为单性木兰的保护生物学提供科学依据。结果表明,单性木兰雄株和雌株在花期物候上存在差异,雌株在结实上存在明显的大小年现象。单性木兰以虫媒传粉为主,雄株访花昆虫30种,雌株访花昆虫仅14种,雌株和雄株共有的访花昆虫仅6种。单性木兰同花期植物共17种,其访花昆虫种类大部分与单性木兰的访花昆虫种类相同。蜂类和蝶类均非单性木兰的传粉者,其结实率低的原因不仅与访花昆虫种类少和访花频率少有关,更与其缺乏有效的传粉昆虫有关。     

草蜥属两种蜥蜴卵和幼体特征的比较研究

比较研究了南草蜥和北草蜥实验条件下的卵及幼体特征。南草蜥产卵雌体的体长、最大窝卵数、平均卵重小于北草蜥 ,相对窝卵重与北草蜥相似。两种蜥蜴均通过增加卵长径和卵短径来增加卵重 ,但卵外形明显不同 ,南草蜥的卵较长。两种蜥蜴卵孵化过程中均吸水增重。相同孵化温度 ( 2 6℃ )条件下 ,南草蜥的孵化期明显比北草蜥长。南草蜥幼体的体重、体长、头长和头宽的实测值小于北草蜥 ,尾长实测值与北草蜥无显著差异。南草蜥幼体的体重、头长和头宽的矫正平均值小于北草蜥 ,尾长矫正平均值大于北草蜥 ,体长矫正平均值与北草蜥无显著差异。     

两种有鳞类爬行动物消化道微生物的研究

从北草蜥的胃、小肠和大肠中分离出 7个属 8种细菌和 2个属的霉菌 ,从中国石龙子的胃、小肠和大肠中分离到 6个属 7种细菌和 3个属的霉菌 ,酵母菌和放线菌都未发现。北草蜥胃、小肠和大肠中的细菌数量分别为 2 2 7× 1 0 6,2 0 6× 1 0 6和 9 78× 1 0 8个 / g ;霉菌数量为 2 5× 1 0 4 ,2 1 5× 1 0 4 ,1 33× 1 0 4个 /g。细菌在中国石龙子胃、小肠和大肠中的数量分布依次为 3 51× 1 0 6,2 2 5× 1 0 6,1 4 2× 1 0 9个 /g;霉菌分布数量为 2 1 9× 1 0 4 ,1 67× 1 0 4 和 1 61× 1 0 4 个 / g